In the Chicago style, it is generally discouraged to cite documents that cannot be examined in their original form. If absolutely necessary, you should cite both the original work and the secondary work in the Chicago footnotes. If one of your sources (like a website) doesn`t have a page number, but you still think it`s important to cite a specific part of the text, other localizers such as titles, chapters, or paragraphs can be used. Shorten words like «paragraph» to «para.» and «chapter» to «chapter» and enclose the titles in quotation marks: Online multimedia should be cited in the following general format. Note that the question of whether the title of the work should be in italics or Latin with quotation marks varies from medium to medium, as mentioned at the beginning of this page. For instructions on citing videos, music, and multimedia in general, see Audiovisual and other multimedia recordings. This is an example of a Chicago-style footnote citation.1 People working in the humanities – literature, history, and art – are the primary users of Chicago`s footnote and bibliography system. Blog titles should be italicized and blog entries should be enclosed in quotation marks. In general, blog entries are only cited as notes. However, if you frequently cite a blog, you can include it in your bibliography. Note: If the word «blog» is included in the blog title, it does not need to be repeated in parentheses after the title. Chicago footnotes include a note each time a source is referenced and are often combined with a bibliography at the end. The notes and bibliography style is one of two citation options provided by the Chicago Manual of Style.

Each time a source is cited or paraphrased, a superscript number is inserted into the text that corresponds to a footnote or endnote with details about the source. Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the natural sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; In a note, list only the first one, followed by et al. («and others»). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the top seven in the bibliography, followed by et al. Do not place several footnotes in the same place in your text (for example, 1, 2, 3). If you need to cite multiple sources in a sentence, you can combine the citations in a footnote, separated by semicolons: In Chicago style (notes to bibliography style), footnotes are used instead of in-text citations to cite sources and reduce interruptions in the writing flow. However, footnotes can also be used to provide additional explanation that might be difficult or distracting to include in the body of the text, to alert the reader to additional reading or background information, to clarify a term or editorial decision, or to provide other information that may not be included in the text itself. Quotes from content shared via social media can usually be limited to text (as in the first example below).

A note may be added if a more formal citation is required. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. Instead of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the article. Comments are quoted in relation to the original message. Chicago style footnotes FAQ What is the difference between footnotes and endnotes? The footnotes appear at the bottom of the corresponding page. The endnotes appear in a list at the end of the text, just before the reference list or bibliography. Don`t mix footnotes and endnotes in the same document: select one or the other and use them consistently. In Chicago notes and bibliography style, you can use footnotes or endnotes, and citations follow the same format in both cases. In APA and MLA style, footnotes or endnotes are not used for citations, but they can be used to provide additional information. Should I use short notes or full notes for my Chicago quotes? In the Chicago Notes and bibliography style, the common standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source and brief notes for all subsequent citations from the same source. However, your institution`s policies may differ from the standard rule.

Some fields require you to use a full note each time, while others require you to use short notes each time as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography. If you are not sure, contact your instructor. Do I need to attach a bibliography or list of references? In Chicago author date style, your text should include a list of references. It appears at the end of your document and contains all the details of each source you have cited. In the style of notes and bibliographies, use Chicago-style footnotes to cite sources. A bibliography is optional, but recommended.